這石頭或許是對的～叔本華

斯賓諾沙說，一粒石子被拋向空中，如果它有意識，將以為自己在飛。對此我想補充的是，這石頭或許是對的。驅力之於它，正如動機之於我；內在本質與我無異。在我而言，我發現一種意志，石頭若有知，亦將如是。在這段話裏，斯賓諾沙認為是一種必要性驅使石頭飛行，他並正確地企圖把這必要性轉化成當事人意志行動之必要。而我則認為，正是人事物之內在本質，賦予「必要性」（即因果相隨）一種意義和有效性，成為其前提。對人來講，內在即其個性，對石頭而言，則是一種質地，兩者指的是同一種東西。～叔本華，《世界做為一種意志與做為一種觀念》，頁164-165。

Spinoza says that if a stone which has been projected through the air had consciousness, it would believe that it was moving of its own will. I add to this only that the stone would be right. The impulse given it is for the stone what the motive is for me, and what is the case of the stone…is in its inner nature the same as that which I recognise in myself as will, and what the stone also, if knowledge were given to it, would recognize as will. In the passage referred to, Spinoza had in view the necessity with which the stone flies, and he rightly desires to transfer this necessity to that of the particular act of will of a person. I, on the other hand, consider the inner being, which alone imparts meaning and validity to all real necessity (i.e., effect following upon a cause) as its presupposition. In the case of men this is called character; in the case of a stone it is called quality, but it is the same in both.~A. Schopenhauer,《World as Will and as Idea》，pp. 164-5.